尊胜佛母

尊胜佛母(Ushnishavijaya)

尊胜佛母, 梵名:Ushnishavijaya, 藏文名为:Namgyalma, 又称顶髻尊胜佛母, 佛顶尊胜佛母. 尊胜佛母是长寿三尊之一(其它两尊分别为阿弥陀佛和白度母). 常现三面八臂之慈悲威仪相：正面慈和，右面显喜悦，左面现忿怒, 每一个脸上都有三只眼睛, 右第一手持四色羯磨杵(十字金刚)于胸前, 二手托莲座, 上为阿弥陀佛, 三手持箭, 四手施愿印置右腿前, 左第一手忿怒拳印持绢索, 二手上扬作施无畏印, 三手执弓, 四手定印托甘露宝瓶.

外文描述

The long-life deity/ishtadevata, Ushnishavijaya 'Victorious Crown Ornament,' is one of three special long-life deities along with the Buddha Amitayus and White Tara. This group is known as the Three Long Life Deities (Tibetan: tse lha nam sum, 长寿三尊). There are other deities associated with long life and healing but these three are commonly referred to as the principal deities and form their own group. The three were not formulated in India but rather popularized as a Tibetan iconographic convention.

“…Ushnishavijaya, the colour of an autumn moon, with three faces, white, yellow and blue and eight hands. Each face has three very large eyes. The first right hand holds a vishvavajra, second a white lotus with Amitabha [Buddha] residing, third an arrow and the fourth in [the gesture of] supreme generosity. The first left holds a vajra lasso, second a bow, third [in the gesture of] bestowing protection and fourth in [the gesture of] meditative equipoise holding an auspicious nectar vase; complete with silks and jewel ornaments, seated in [vajra] posture. Within the outer circle of the stupa, on the right [side of the chaitya], above a moon is Avalokiteshvara with a body white in colour, the left hand holds a lotus. On the left [of the chaitya], above a sun is Vajrapani, blue, the left hand holds an utpala with a vajra; standing in a peaceful manner and adorned with silks and jewels.” (Jamyang Kyentse Wangpo, 1820-1892).

造像特征

尊胜佛母以其鲜明且富有深意的三面八臂形象，成为藏传佛教艺术中极具辨识度的本尊。其八只手臂的布局与持物，构成了一套完整的象征体系：右侧四手自上而下分别为施无畏印、托住化佛（阿弥陀佛）、持箭、结与愿印，依次代表施予无畏、赐予长寿、刺破无明、满足众愿；左侧四手则自上而下持金刚交杵、持弓、持金刚索、持甘露宝瓶，分别象征功德坚固、发射智慧、束缚烦恼、净化业障。这些手臂以身体为中心，平衡展开，右臂组主“赐予”，左臂组主“对治”，共同彰显了她消除一切障碍、赐予健康长寿与究竟智慧的圆满功德。尊胜佛母造像主要产自西藏, 北京和蒙古地区。

常见的尊胜佛母造像按风格可分为: