尺寸：H. 14 in. (35.6 cm); W. 17 1/8 in. (43.5 cm); D. 9 in. (22.9 cm)
年代：16世纪 明代(弘治十六年) 1503年
质地：素三彩
风格：中原
来源：纽约大都会博物馆
参阅：外部链接
鉴赏：
作者:Qiao Bin

此为美国大都会博物馆所藏大明弘治素三彩《佛陀涅槃及弟子群雕像》，此像由一件群雕像和五件单体人物雕瓷像组成雕塑群，采用名贵的素三彩雕瓷再现了二千五百多年前佛陀涅槃时的场景，十分稀有珍贵。佛陀涅槃时，十大弟子中舍利弗尊者和目犍连尊者已经去世，佛陀身边实有八大弟子（大迦叶尊者尚在赶来途中）。吉祥卧中的佛陀，身金黄色，面容圆润饱满，神态宁静安详。八大弟子或坐或跪或立，神态虔诚悲戚。捶胸顿足，抹泪悲泣，神态各异，此素三彩人物雕瓷准确的再现了佛陀涅槃时弟子们悲痛欲绝的场面。

此雕瓷采用了明代弘治时期素三彩所常用的凹刻、堆塑填彩法，即先在素胎表面凹刻或浮雕图形文字，再在凹处或浮雕处填注黄色、绿色和紫色。 雕瓷的底座署有‘弘治十六年’字样（1503年）。其底座所刻文字为“大明弘治十六年盘亭山西岩禅僧惠泰登心造”等四十六字。从铭文中可知，此睡佛雕瓷是其中的一组。此雕瓷有明确的年代标记，即弘治十六年，距今已有五百多年历史，漂洋过海仍保留如此完好，色彩依旧靓丽，实为大明素三彩经典之作。明代素三彩存世量较少，素三彩人物雕瓷更为稀有，而如此多的素三彩人物群雕组像更是难得一见，是明代素三彩唯一存世保留完好的人物群雕组像。实属明代文物中珍品中的珍品，是当之无愧的国宝。

素三彩瓷，即以黄、绿、紫三色为主色调，红色排弃在外，其色素而淡雅，最显著的特点是不用红色，故显得素净优雅，这是素三彩得名之由来。其实，“素三彩”中的“三”乃“多”之意，即素三彩瓷器不一定只施三种彩，有的器物除施黄、绿、紫色外，还加施白色、孔雀绿色、黑色等。从传世品及出土物看，素三彩瓷器出现于明代成化时.

This is a depiction of the Buddha’s nirvana. His attendants are all in deep sorrow: one wipes away a tear, while others seem to be crying out or, alternatively, at a loss for words. The Buddha, however, is shown in a state of near sleep, indicating a heavenly wisdom.

According to the inscription on the back and sides of the couch on which the Buddha reclines, a monk had these sculptures made in 1503 as a private act of devotion. They were originally part of a larger group of figures from the Qiao family workshop in Yangcheng, Shanxi Province.

铭文:
Inscription: Inscribed and dated (on the back of the base):

On the sixteenth year of the Hongzhi reign (1503) of the Great Ming, the Chan monk Huitai, of Xiyan [temple] on Pantingshan, vowed to have [the following] made:

one statue of “reclining Buddha,” one statue of Sakyamuni, one statue of Maitreya, one statue of Dizang, one statue of Guanyin, [and] seven statues eminent monks.

Inscribed and signed (on the sides of the base):

[Made by] Qiao [Bin?], a daizhou from Dongguan of this county

Inscribed and dated (on the back of the base):

大明洪治十六年
盤亭山西岩
禪僧惠泰發
心造
睡佛一尊
釋迦佛一尊
彌肋佛一尊
觀音一尊
七大高僧

Inscribed and signed (on the sides of the base):

本縣東関
待招(詔)
喬囗 囗

助緣善人

来源:
Shanxi Province

[Yamanaka & Co. , Beijing, until 1925; sold to MMA]

展览:
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Secular and Sacred: Scholars, Deities, and Immortals in Chinese Art,” September 10, 2005–January 8, 2006.

New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Children to Immortals: Figural Representations in Chinese Art,” August 9, 2018–January 3, 2021.

著录:
Bosch Reitz, S. C. “The Parinirvana in Chinese Pottery.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21, no.3 (March 1926). pp. 87–88.

Cox, Warren E. The Book of Pottery and Porcelain. Vol. vols. 1 and 2, New York: Crown Publishers, 1970, p. 527, pl. 151.

Cox, Warren E. The Book of Pottery and Porcelain. Revised ed. ed., New York: Crown Publishers, 1979, pl. 151.

Riddell, Sheila. Dated Chinese Antiquities 605–1650. London: Faber and Faber, 1979, pl. 105.

Eskenazi Ltd. Eskenazi: Ancient Chinese Bronzes and Sculpture: 28 March–9 April 2005. London: Eskenazi, 2005, p. 44.